Pronunciation Teaching Within A Theoretical Framework English Language Essay

Articulation Teaching Within A Theoretical Framework English Language Essay Albeit various examinations have been accounted for with respect to segmental in the course of recent years for a diagram, see Ekman, 2003; Strange, 1995, there are just few investigations concentrating on L2 worry in an EFL setting. Then again, suprasegmental properties, including pressure, assume a significant job in second language procurement. They are demonstrated to be firmly identified with remote highlight apparent in L2 creation and to challenges in L2 recognition. Scientists have ascribed the issues with worry to the impact of the L1 prosodic framework. In any case, these investigations are lacking, as their attention on stress procurement predominantly depends on the correlation of the phonological frameworks of L1 and L2. As Flege (1987) brought up in research on L2 discourse improvement at the segmental level, it is imperative to consider phonetic subtleties so as to increase a superior comprehension of the conceivable exchange of L1. The equivalent is valid for investigations of prosody. It is conceivable that the impact of L1 lies in the contrast somewhere in the range of L1 and L2 in the work of important phonetic relates. 2.2. The historical backdrop of articulation instructing inside a hypothetical structure Prevalent sentiment in regards to the spot of elocution preparing in the ESL or EFL educational plan has ebbed and streamed alongside the recorded structure of language learning speculations and systems. Preceding the prevalence of the immediate technique in the late nineteenth century, elocution got minimal clear concentration inside the language study hall. Backers of the immediate strategy guarantee that an underlying accentuation on tuning in without strain to talk permits students to obtain syntax inductively and to disguise the objective sound framework before talking, much the manner in which youngsters procure their first language (Celce-Murcia, Brinton, Goodwin, 1996, as refered to in Aufderhaar, 2004). Albeit famous in first class private European schools, the immediate technique was dismissed by the government funded schools and by most language schools in the United States as unreasonable due the study hall time, exertion and foundation expected of both the instructor and understudies for the achievement of this methodology. Analysis based on the tedious idea of this guidance at once in which most understudies just read unknown dialect for a long time, alongside an absence of qualified educators who had an agreeable, local like familiarity at their order. Subsequently, this basically instinctive imitative methodology offered route to the arrival of the punctuation interpretation approach of the understanding time, with almost no thoughtfulness regarding elocution (Celce-Murcia et al., 1996, as refered to in Aufderhaar, 2004). As indicated by Aufderhaar (2004), both the direct and language structure interpretation techniques were progressively underlined when there was an unexpected and critical requirement for qualified mediators and insight to learn English with the approach of World War II. Established in Skinners (1957) hypothesis of behaviorism which rewarded the obtaining of verbal aptitudes as naturally decided boost reaction conduct, the audiolingual strategy required concentrated oral penetrating for whole working days, six days per week (E. R. Earthy colored, 1997). Rather than the sentence structure interpretation strategy, elocution was currently viewed as of the most noteworthy need, with phonetic translation and explanation expressly educated through diagrams and exhibitions, alongside impersonation (Celce-Murcia et al., 1996, as refered to in Aufderhaar, 2004). While by and large demonstrating effective inside the military condition of little classes of profoundly energetic teachers and understudies whose prosperity depended to some extent on their order of the objective language, the hypothetical establishment of audiolingualism was shaken by the truth of the post World War II language study hall that was not helpful for this military routine. Its most grounded pundit was Chomsky (1957), whose presentation of the generative-transformational hypothesis saw the hidden significance of the entire as being a higher priority than any one section. His emphasis on the innovative, rule-represented nature of capability and execution drove numerous teachers to the end that elocution ought to remain inductively inside the setting of morphology and sentence structure (Kreidler, 1989). At the core of this speculation was the recommendation that all language aptitudes, including listening perception, verbal creation and articulation, are coordinated to s uch an extent that there is no compelling reason to address them as isolated and unmistakable highlights (Brown, 1997). The impact of Chomskys generative-transformational hypothesis, alongside the intellectual code hypothesis of the 1960s, which concentrated on tuning in at the talk level and disposed of aptitude requesting, prepared for the pattern to stay away from or disregard direct elocution educating inside and out. The coming of the informative methodology in the late 1970s and mid 1980s moreover considered the educating of elocution as incapable and sad, rather it underlined language capacities over structures with the objective being in general open skill and listening understanding for general importance: MacCarthy (1976) expressed that at present any instructing of articulation is so insufficient as to be to a great extent an exercise in futility. (p. 212). Around then, numerous teachers of the open methodology accepted that elocution aptitudes would be procured normally inside the setting of second language input and informative practice. Be that as it may, articulation was not so much disregarded in the timespan of the 1960s through the mid 1980s. Remainders of the audiolingual approach waited inside auxiliary etymology, which saw language learning as a procedure of acing chains of importance of fundamentally related things for encoding meaning (Morley, 1991). At the point when elocution was tended to, guidance was commonly arranged toward the boring of individual sounds by means of articulatory depictions and negligible pair contrasts (Chun, 2002). It is the dependence on this customary phonemic-based methodology which Leather (1987) specifies one reason for the downfall of articulation instructing during this time: The procedure, saw as good for nothing non-open drill-and-exercise tricks, lost its allure; moreover, the item, that is, the achievement proportion for the time and vitality exhausted, was discovered needing. (Morley, 1991, p. 486). Perspectives extended from genuine addressing with regards to whether elocution could be clearly instructed and learned by any means (Chun, 2002), to relentless cases that grown-ups were basically incapable to procure second language articulation (Scovel, 1988). As per Madsen and Bowen (1978), the absence of consideration regarding articulation, which was predominant in the open methodology of the late 1970s and mid 1980s and the immediate affirmation by numerous that elocution couldn't be educated, brought about an incredible number of global understudies who were fizzled impart viably or even coherently in spite of the fact that they had been told for quite a while. This circumstance started research in second language securing that recommended a takeoff from the conventional, base up phonemic-based way to deal with articulation educating toward a top-down direction concentrating on suprasegmental or prosodic perspectives, for example, musicality, inflection, and span. Characterized by Wennerstrom (2001, as refered to in Aufderhaar, 2004) as a general term enveloping pitch, mood, beat, tumult, and delays, as these cooperate with linguistic structure, lexical importance, and segmental phonology in spoken writings (p.4), prosody has truly been disregarded or consigned to the edges of examination and teaching method, due in huge part, as indicated by Chun (2002), to its inalienable multifaceted nature and trouble acing it. Considered famously hard to procure and characterize, Bolinger (1972) marked the most dubious part of prosody, pitch, the oily piece of language. In spite of its chronicled secondary lounge status, an inclination of examination in regards to prosody has crossed a few controls. The principal recorded investigation of discourse song has been followed back to Steele (Couper-Kuhlen, 1993, as refered to in Aufderhaar, 2004), who, in 1775, utilized melodic documentation to distinguish contribute varieties that happen normal structures upon syllables. Tragically, his materials, in light of five highlights he recognized as complement, amount, delay, accentuation and power were reliant upon fixed and supreme melodic pitches as opposed to adaptable and relative tones, clearly ailing in down to earth appropriateness (Pike, 1945). 2.3. Elocution research in applied etymology In spite of the fact that accomplishing local like articulation that encourages common understandability is viewed as significant for some language students and instructors the same, there have been hardly any observational investigations of elocution in applied phonetics (Derwing Munro,2005; Levis, 2005). For instance, Derwing and Munro (2005, p. 386) express that it is generally acknowledged that suprasegmentals are critical to coherence, yet up 'til now hardly any investigations bolster this conviction. This case is bolstered by different specialists, for example, Hahn (1994) and Levis (2005) who expresses that in the course of recent years there has been support to educate suprasegmentals however next to no teaching method has been founded on observational examination. The helpfulness of exact exploration for growing increasingly compelling articulation instructing is self-evident. As Levis (2005) states, guidance should concentrate on those highlights that are generally useful for comprehension and ought to deemphasize those that are moderately unhelpful ( pp. 370-371). Munro (2008) echoes this moment that expressing that it is essential to set up a lot of needs for educating. On the off chance that one part of articulation guidance is bound to advance coherence than some other perspective, it merits progressively quick consideration. (p. 197). Obviously, we should initially recognize what the most significant components are to guarantee ideal guidance and learning results. As Munro (2008) contends, in light of the fact that prosody includes a wide scope of sp

Effects of chinas one child policy on women

Impacts of chinas one youngster approach on ladies As the most crowded nation on the planet, the Peoples Republic of China has been embracing the One-Child Policy since 1979 so as to improve the issue of overpopulation which is viewed as a hindrance of the development and advancement of the nation. While the Chinese Government underlines its accomplishments of populace control in China, the questionable strategy has been generally scrutinized for its negative impacts. This paper presents the One-Child Policys impacts on the situation of ladies. Womens position in this paper is fundamentally characterized by womens rights, opportunity, decency and societal position .I will first quickly present the strategy, at that point examine both the positive and negative contacts with significant information and insights, and ultimately arrive at a resolution. The Policy and Population Growth Presented in 1978 and executed since 1979, the One-Child Policy is a family arranging approach received by the Chinese Government so as to improve Chinas over-fast populace as to forestall its troublesome impacts on financial and social advancement of the country.(Information Office of the State Council Of the Peoples Republic of China 1995) The arrangement confines wedded urban Chinese couples from having more than one kid by forcing money related punishments on families with additional kids yet exclusions are took into account couples who have a place with ethnic minorities, live in rustic territory or don't have any siblings.(BBC News 2000) The One-Child Policy is viewed as effective as far as its control on Chinas populace development as the birth rate in the province has been enormously diminishing since the presentation of the strategy. (see Figure 1) Compared with 1970, in 1994 the birth rate dropped from 33.43 per thousand to 17.7 per thousand; the regular development rate, f rom 25.83 per thousand to 11.21 per thousand; and the complete richness pace of ladies, from 5.81 to around 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦According to insights provided by the United Nations, Chinas populace development rate has just been uniquely lower than the normal degree of other creating nations. (Data Office of the State Council Of the Peoples Republic of China 1995) Figure 1. Changes in the all out richness rate in China Source: National Population and Family Planning Commission of China (2006) Infringement of Womens Reproductive Rights Regardless of its achievement in populace control, the One-Child Policy offers ascend to reactions among which one lies in its infringement of womens conceptive rights. Regenerative rights are a subset of human rights originally perceived at the United Nations International Conference on Human Rights in Teheran on thirteenth May 1986. As indicated by the sixteenth article of the Proclamation of Teheran, Parents have an essential human option to decide unreservedly and mindfully the number and the separating of their youngsters. Dixon-Mueller (1993: 12) recommends that conceptive rights can be characterized as three kinds: 1. the opportunity to choose what number of youngsters to have and when (or whether) to have them; 2. the option to have the data and intends to control ones richness; 3. the option to control ones own body. Conceptive opportunity is simply the center of individual assurance. The One-Child Policy doesn't just abuse womens rights by restricting the quantity of their youngsters yet additionally prompts constrained premature births in the nation. Under the authorized arrangement, each 2.4 seconds there is a lady experiencing a constrained fetus removal in China and this makes an aggregate of around 35,000 premature births for every day. (Phillips 2010: 1) Abortion is lawful in China and as revealed in China Daily in 2009, 13 a great many premature births are acted in China consistently, which generally surpasses those acted in different nations, for example, the United States and Canada. (see Figure 2). There is an immediate connection between the One-Child Policy and Chines fetus removal rate. PostenYaukey (1992: 290) call attention to that the premature birth rate in China expanded by almost half somewhere in the range of 1978 and 1979 when the approach began being executed. It is broadly realized that premature births can cause ladies medical issues, also its negative effects on passionate and emotional well-being. Ms. Reggie Littlejohn, leader of Womens Rights Without Frontiers, condemned that The one youngster strategy causes more brutality toward ladies and young ladies than some other arrangement on the essence of the earth. (Jiang 2009) Figure2. Premature birth measurements in China, U.S.A., U.K., Canada and Australia Source: Jiang (2009) Undesirable Daughters and Sex-Selective Abortions An idiom among workers in China goes like this:The birth of a kid is invited with yells of happiness and sparklers, however when a young lady is conceived, the neighbors state nothing(WestleyChoe 2007: 2) despite Chinas modernization over the previous decades, it is as yet normal for Chinese guardians to incline toward children to little girls. (Wang 1999: 197) Such an inclination in a roundabout way prompts sex-particular premature births as female babies are normally viewed as less valuable than male ones, particularly if the couples are permitted to have just a single kid. With fetal screening advances, for example, ultrasound, amniocentesis and chorionic villi examining, the sex of unborn hatchlings can be perceived before their introduction to the world. Such innovations and accessible premature births bring about the likelihood that couples specifically prematurely end female babies in the expectation of having a child instead.(WestleyChoe 2007: 3) Adjacent to sex-specific premature births, Chinas baby death rate is something else to investigate. For the most part the mortality of male babies is relied upon to be more prominent than that of female ones as male newborn children are organically more fragile than female infants.(Li, 2007: 2) This supposition that is additionally demonstrated by the universes baby death rate by sex.(See Table 1) However, as appeared in Table 2, China goes in the converse bearing. It is accepted that this abnormal propensity is brought about by female child murders and little girl abandonments coming about because of the child inclination. Table 1. Universes newborn child death rate by sex 1980-2010 Source: United Nations Population Division (2010) Table 2. Chinas newborn child death rate by sex 1980-2010 Source: United Nations Population Division (2010) Sexual orientation Imbalance Blessing or Curse? Along with the expanding female newborn child mortality, there is a rising pattern of the sex proportion in China since the actualize of the One-Child Policy.(See Figure 3) It is assessed by the State Population and Family Planning Commission that there will be 30 million more Chinese man than Chinese ladies in 2020. (BBC News 2007) In light of the gracefully and-request law that flexibly diminishes t and request stays unaltered then the estimation of gracefully increment, a few people accept that if there are less ladies in China their qualities and economic wellbeing ought to normally rise. Nonetheless, this law would bode well just if the interest of ladies was high. Poon(2008) brings up that when ladies become the minority in a male-prevalent society like China, China may confront a time of phenomenal male hostility, which would almost certainly render ladies as casualties and womens status significantly progressively unsafe and defenseless against oppression. Figure 3. Rising sex proportion and overabundance female baby mortality in China Source: Sun (2005) Womens Empowerment The Mistaken Focus It is constantly stressed by the Chinese Government that the One-Child Policy helps advancing womens strengthening and improving womens position as they are liberated from substantial weights realized by having numerous children(National Population and Family Planning Commission of China 2006). This case contains two causal relations: 1) Because of the One-Child Policy ladies have less kids. 2) Women have less kids so they can invest more energy in their vocation. Them two bode well in a huge degree, yet is the One-Child Policy an unquestionable requirement to control the quantity of womens kids? Most likely no. Regardless of that Hong Kong is an uncommon regulatory district of the PRC, the One-Child Policy is never actualized in the city, where the social situation of ladies is generally high. As appeared in Figure 4, the richness pace of Hong Kong continued dropping even and was even lower than that of China. Obviously one can contend that there are different components adding to Hong Kongs low fruitfulness rate, yet one can likewise address whether the One-Child Policy is the main calculate causing the decay richness rate and the ascent of womens position. Figure 4. Richness rates from 1960-2005 in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and East Asia Pacific Source: The United Families International (2010) The Single Child Generation The One-Child Policy doesn't just plan to diminish the birthrate yet additionally to improve the nature of the new age, the future mainstays of China. It is generally accepted that having single little girls will raise the situation of ladies as their folks give them better and increasingly thought assets, for example, instruction and materials. It might be valid somehow or another, yet Greenhalgh(2007.) calls attention to that the One-Child Policy has delivered the most really and instructively special age of youngsters in Chinese history who are ruined and egocentric. Having been the focal point of consideration from the family all through their growing-up years, these kids are increasingly subject to other people and effectively hurt psychologically.(China Daily 2005) The new single-kid age in China has previously concerning Chinese from the more seasoned age. Improve assets fundamentally make a superior age? In the event that it doesn't, how might we anticipate a decrease in char acteristics of youngsters (both male and female) will bring about better places of ladies? End The One-Child Policy was professed to be a transient measure when it was first presented in China.(Hesketh, Li Zhu 2005) Now that the approach has just been actualized for three decades, its negative results in the end show up and have stirred concerns from the general public. The strategy adversely influences womens position as it disregard womens rights and upgrades the current partiality towards m

Efeects on Moving to Another State Free Essays

Shanell Broussard J. Davis English 090, 4206 03 April 2013 Effects on moving to another state Moving can be a wide range of things. It very well may be enjoyable to most; or a most exceedingly terrible bad dream. We will compose a custom exposition test on Efeects on Moving to Another State or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now In some cases moves are constrained because of specific circumstances, for example, new position or inconvenience in home. Regardless of what the explanation; moving to another state for anyone is to some degree troublesome. I moved from New York to North Carolina a year prior. I chose to move with my grandma until I can stand up. For me, the particular impacts of moving starting with one state then onto the next were, meeting new individuals, beginning once again and feelings. The primary critical impact of moving starting with one state then onto the next for me was meeting new individuals. Making new companions isn't simple, since I am not a gregarious individual; which can be a weakness for me. In addition in today’s society I can not confide in everyone. Me being from New York, individuals will in general adjudicator me. They may think I have a dreadful disposition or that I think I am superior to them; in light of where I originate from. So when I am out in the open I do attempt to speak with others; when I have held a discussion with somebody and disclose to them that I am from New York; they appear shock, since they knew about northern individuals being egotistical and inconsiderate. Which some of the time get irritating, I have a feeling that I need to advance additional when attempting to become more acquainted with somebody; I need individuals to manufacture their own sentiment about who I am and not what they heard. I need them to see that there are some acceptable individuals up north. Following a couple of days I began being progressively sure about conversing with individuals. The second critical impact of moving starting with one state then onto the next is beginning once again in searching for a not too bad neighborhood, to bring up my youngsters. Not knowing which territories were fortunate or unfortunate; settled on the choice hard for me. Finding the correct neighborhood was not my lone issue; finding the correct condo was difficult either. The territory would need to be kid inviting, a network park and pool would be decent. I must be certain on the off chance that it is the spot for me, for I don't anticipate moving no time soon. When that is done, I can proceed onward to my subsequent stage; which is finding the correct childcare for my kids to join in. Much the same as the specialist issue; it is to some degree comparative. I need to truly do my examination for childcares; I am apprehensive about leaving my youngsters with somebody I for all intents and purposes know. With more youthful children that can't convey the circumstance is more enthusiastically to manage. There are things that I need to search for, for example, the neatness of the region, how well do different collaborators interface with the youngsters, etc. The third noteworthy impact of moving starting with one state then onto the next was the feelings of the affection ones around me. With the large move came a great deal of pressure. Managing the move, searching for the correct childcare and specialists; was not a simple thing. Be that as it may, what truly influenced me, is the point at which I realized I was abandoning all my loved ones. Individuals I realized for my entire life were not going to be there any longer. The youngsters additionally gave indications that the move had influenced them. They were ill humored than expected. While dropping them off at childcare; they would cry and shout, at times they would even carry on in class. I was considered a few times the initial hardly any weeks. Changing in accordance with this new spot was to some degree hard for me. Not realizing where to go to, feeling like I had nobody to trust in was extremely distressing. Having a feeling that the move was not going to work out, as on the off chance that I had fizzled; and that I was not going to endure. Individuals all around the globe has encountered a troublesome move once in there life. There will feel like; such a significant number of issues in a circumstance like this one. I had no real option except to aside from all that I experienced. I must be solid for myself, however for my youngsters. There was no chance that I would quit any pretense of achieving something I did completely all alone. So I supplicated it to be over soon. Step by step instructions to refer to Efeects on Moving to Another State, Papers

Examples Of Clinical Decision Support - 1259 Words

Clinical Decision Support Ashley McMichael University of Cincinnati Clinical Decision Support can be defined as â€Å"providing clinicians, patients or individuals with knowledge and person-specific or population information, intelligently filtered or presented at appropriate times, to foster better health processes, better individual patient care, and better population health† (Wright, 2008). Like many different aspects of healthcare, clinical decision support has evolved with the creation of new technology. This evolution of clinical decision support in itself has and will continue to impact each aspect of Triple Aim. Four Phases of Clinical Decision Support Wright and Sittig have described the history of clinical decision support by breaking it up into four phases. These four phases are: standalone systems, integrated systems, standards-based systems, and service models (Wright, 2008). Standalone Systems Standalone clinical decision support systems are systems that run separately from any other system. The first standalone system was proposed in 1959 by Robert Ledley and Lee Lusted (Wright, 2008). Their proposal was the use of punch cards and an analog computer to predict diagnoses based on symptoms noted on the punch cards. This proposal led to the implementation of a couple systems that would make suggestions or diagnoses or therapy interventions. In the 1970’s the use of artificial intelligence began to be used in clinical decision support systems with theShow MoreRelatedClinical Decision Support ( Cds ) Strategies Essay1160 Words   |  5 PagesClinical Decision Support (CDS) Strategi es Name: Instructor: Course: Date: â€Æ' Clinical Decision Support is an important tool for clinicians, staff, patients and other persons because it provides these individuals with knowledge and information with the aim of enhancing health and healthcare. 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Gender, And Sexuality Studies - 1285 Words

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According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation refers to the sex or sexual interest to whom one is sexually and romantically attracted to. Heterosexuality, homosexuality and bisexuality are the three mostly familiar categories of sexual orientation for a typical person, and these sexualities make up for 98.9% of the

Internal Bullying And Its Effects On Society - 847 Words

Insulating factors Four distinct groups of perpetration and victimization are recognized: -Bullies or pure bullies: individuals who take part in bullying behavior towards other individuals. -Victims or pure victims: individuals who are targeted with bullying. -Bully-victims: individuals that are bullies and victims within the same time period. -Non-involved: those who are neither bullies nor victims. The Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) Survey reported on U.S. adolescents in grades 6-10. -The survey concluded that 56% of adolescents had been involved (either as the bully, victim, or both) in verbal bullying. -51.4% of adolescents were involved in relational bullying. -20.8% of adolescents were involved in physical bullying. -13.6% were involved in cyber bullying. It has been consistently found that boys are more likely to be involved physical and verbal bullying and girls to be involved in relational bullying. (Iannotti, Wang 2012) Wang, J., Iannotti, R. (2012). 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Object Modelling

Question: Discuss about theObject Modelling. Answer: 1. The case study that will be considered in our case is that of XYZ Airline Company. XYZ Company is aiming at providing a number of services globally in airline operations, freight transport, food production and loyalty programs. Therefore, this firm has a requirement for a new information system so as to support their daily operations. Hence, in our first assessment of objective oriented methodology drawing its definition it is pertained as a system developed that encourages and maintains the facilitation of re-use of software components. Hence, with such process, computer systems being developed tend to be made up of component basis that tend to enable effectiveness of re-using the intermediate components and facilitate the idea of sharing the components in other systems. Since, the objective oriented methodology is made up of six stages that are planning, business architecture, technical architecture, increment stage, design and building stage, and the deployment stage (Horne et al, 2009) having, effective consideration of such stages models the actions and data objectives rather than being logic. In relation to our case study 2, the objective oriented methodology could be pertained in regards to the issues of flight reservation systems, travel service reservation systems, human resource management system, accounting and finance system, and sale and marketing systems. These objects tend to have an impact to XYZ Company as it defines the role in the application of their domain in the airline industry. Hence, it tends to have some identity, state and behavior in relation to the actions that they will take. Therefore, the encompassing properties and values in behavior in regard to acts and reacts tend to be effective in analyzing and designing real world settings in the airline industry. 2. In learning outcome two, our focus is on XYZ Company in relation to study of system development life cycle. Therefore, system development life cycle tends to be a traditional system used by organizations for development purposes. Its framework is structured such that it is made up of sequential process whereby information systems are developed. At times when implementing new systems through SDLC eight stages must be taken under consideration (Everett et al, 2007). Compared to the past, developers used the waterfall approach in SDLC development, where one task was completed the work proceeds to the next step. In most cases, system development initiatives produced the objected results through team efforts. Hence, below I will describe the activities in each phase of system development life cycle in relation to case study firm that is XYZ Airline Company. First will be on system investigation where System developers professions tend to agree that most time is invested in the understanding of business situation that should be solved. Therefore, in understanding the technical options for such systems and understanding problems it is likely to emerge during the development process. Hence, this develops a greater chance of actual problem solving (correct) problem. If, we could relate this with our case study firm XYZ Airline Company, take for example the human resource system we are yet to understand than HRM systems tend to work on solving management problems. For instance, they recruit and train, conduct business administration, work on payroll automates, conduct performance records and appraisal. For such a reason system investigation begin with business problem. Problems and opportunities that need understanding from the internal initialization, but also making sure you see the organizational partners. Secondly is on system analysis where once projects have been approved, the system analysis of the new systems begins. System analysis tends to be the examination of problems so that plans can be developed to solve them. In this stage, the definition of the problem is done where problem is identified, specifics to the solution are given, and the identities of information requirements that the solution should satisfy. Therefore, in analysis there tends to exist three basic solutions to their business problems that is; doing nothing to the to the existing system unchanged, modifying the existing system and determining the best solution to purse in the determination of requirements for the enhanced systems (Grance et al, 2004). Looking at our case study, XYZ Airline Company we could draw the case of accounting and finance systems. The accounting and finance systems tend to handle financial transactions for the company. Therefore, in analyzing systems they company tends to offer real time information and control access across people for the purpose of billing, account payable, account receivable, fixed assets and project accounting. At times problems may not emerge due problem relations, but they may need solutions such as the change of management of training. Hence, system analysis tends to produce the following information that; the strength and weakness that exist in a system, the functioning that these new developed system has to provide answers to the business problems, the users data needed for development of the new systems. In system analysis it tends to be a description of what systems should do for solving business problem, but system designs tend to describe how systems accomplish the task. For instance, the deliverable in system designs phase is the technical designs that specify the following: How components should be integrated. System outputs, inputs and the users interface. Looking at our case study 2, XYZ aim is to provide a number of services globally through airline operations, food production, freight transport and loyalty programs. Hence, they need a new information system that work for their business purpose. If we could draw a good example of system analysis in problem solving the flight reservation system would be the effective method. Here, there is the idea issue of treating customers in different manners. Therefore, ordinary customers often buy cheaper tickets to save money, but frequent flyers require special discounts. Therefore, system design provides efficient strategy such that frequent fliers are provided with discount rates based on their profiles. Different from ordinary customers they should also purchase tickets through corporate credit cards. It is critical to enhance critical and continuous testing when trying to implement new systems in a business process. Testing also tends to detect existing errors (Everett et al, 2007). Therefore, identification of the errors assures that a program should be passed or not, whether it should run or not so as to put the results into incorrect output. Therefore, testing tends to be significant as it outlines the errors and prevents events of shut down in the business systems, or prevents the catastrophic events of information loss. In relation to our case XYZ Airline Company is working on having efficient strategies in the flight industry through development of new systems. If we could relate it with flight reservation system, they could test the program by looking at the number of frequent customer turn out in relation to strategies of discount rates. Therefore, if such a strategy has led to increased numbers in the airline and contains no error it could be passed and taken to the next step of implementation. Implementing is perceived to be the initiative of changing the old systems to new systems. Firms utilize several conversion strategies that is; piloting, phased, parallel and direct. Parallel conversion process, this is where old and new systems operate together for a certain period. The systems use the same data process at the same date and time and the output are compared. It tends to be expensive but least risk (Horne et al, 2009). Direct conversion is where old systems are cut off and new systems are set in place. It tends to be less expensive, but tends to be risky if the developed new systems dont work as purported. Here, few systems tend to be implemented through conversion, as a result of the risk involved. For pilot conversion new systems are introduced in one part of the organization, later the new systems are assessed after some time. If it works properly the system is then implemented (Horne et al, 2009). Drawing analysis from our XYZ Airline Company, new information of travel service reservation system, HRM systems, accounting and finance systems, flight reservation systems, sale and marketing systems can only be implemented only if they produce significant results. Therefore, we can only implement these systems if the levels of significance are high and the strategies turn out to be effective. After conversion is conducted, the new systems operate for a certain period, after replacement of the old systems it will tend to no longer meets the objectives. Hence, once the operations of the new systems in XYZ become stabilized, the firms audits are done to perceive the operations of the whole system and the emerging capabilities that determine the correct system. In most cases, systems require maintenance such as debugging, updating and new functionality (Lachance, 2015). In conclusion, the system development life cycle tends to come up with three major privileges that would be helpful for XYZ Airline Company; this includes control, maintaining accountability, and issue of error detection. Therefore, the significance issue on such system development tends to be that of error detection, where the more expensive it is the more correct it becomes. But on the other hand the process of implementing new systems still has disadvantages such as inflexibility, development of large enterprise application which consumes time, and insufficiency in replacement options. References Macnair, P. A. (2004).Life cycle: Birth, growth, and development. Boston: Kingfisher. Horne, R., Grant, T., Verghese, K. (2009).Life cycle assessment: Principles, practice, and prospects. Collingwood, Vic: CSIRO Pub. Everett, G. D., McLeod, R., Wiley InterScience (Online service). (2007).Software testing: Testing across the entire software development life cycle. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press. Grance, T., Hash, J., Stevens, M., National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.). (2004).Security considerations in the information system development life cycle. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Kissel, R., National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.). (2008).Security considerations in the system development life cycle. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology. Lachance, D. (2015).CISSP: The Systems Development Life Cycle. Molenaar, M. (2008).An introduction to the theory of spatial object modelling for GIS. London: Taylor Francis. Fowler, M. (2004).UML distilled: A brief guide to the standard object modeling language. Boston: Addison-Wesley. In Hudek, A. (2014).The object. Webber, N. (2011).Implementing models of financial derivatives: Object oriented applications with VBA. Chichester, U.K: Wiley. Keith, J. (2005).DOM scripting: Web design with JavaScript and the Document Object Model. Berkeley, CA: Friendsof.

The Use of Psalms in Contemporary Christian Worship Perspectives and methods Essay Essay Example

The Use of Psalms in Contemporary Christian Worship: Perspectives and methods Essay Essay The Psalms have been a beloved. educational and spiritually uplifting portion of Christian worship since its early yearss. For many denominations the usage of the Psalms has become profoundly vested in church tradition. Recitations were. and still are. a familiar rite for many who adhere to the â€Å"traditional† formats of Christian worship. This. interestingly. is portion of the ground why Psalm use fell into disfavour in modern-day worship formats. The linguistic communication. subjects and ritual use in the traditional service did non transport the same meaningfulness to many contemporary-minded believers. The detonating genre of modern Christian music and composing have in one sense pushed the Psalms aside. More late. though. these creative persons have reinforced the significances and encouraged the use of the Psalms. We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Psalms in Contemporary Christian Worship: Perspectives and methods Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Psalms in Contemporary Christian Worship: Perspectives and methods Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Psalms in Contemporary Christian Worship: Perspectives and methods Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In recent old ages the function and importance of the Psalms in modern-day worship have been reevaluated. Contemporary believers are being reintroduced to the Psalms in new. originative ways. Younger coevalss of believers are reconnecting with the cosmopolitan subjects written in the Book of Psalms. The importance of Psalms in both traditional and modern-day formats remains significant. Psalms in worship – a brief history The Psalms were an of import portion of worship even before the Christian church came into being. Jesus reinforced the impression that they were a gift of God. promoting their survey and usage in Judaic worship. Kortering writes that: â€Å"Christ himself made great usage of the Psalms. affecting upon his adherents that the Psalms radius of him† ( 2008 ) . The Psalms have besides been a beginning of comfort for centuries. â€Å"The Psalms have of all time been a response to these deep longings: calls of the soul†¦souls of surrender†¦paens of praise† ( Merrill. 2007 ) . From that context. they were incorporated into the early Christian church as vocals. readings or chants. Psalm vocalizing is a heritage instead than a tradition. They are widely considered to be an divine gift from God. At the same clip. some modern-day worship leaders have greatly diminished their use. Some of the Psalms speak to upseting subjects given the later context of the New Testament. As Kortering puts it: â€Å"From clip to clip the inquiry is raised as to the adequateness of the Psalms for the New Testament church†¦Some of them are about opposite the spirit of the gospel† ( 2008 ) . Some Psalms pray for stuff wealth and injury to enemies among other darker subjects. Others. nevertheless. are surging poetries about the grace. generousness and forgiveness of God. The Psalms besides prophesy the coming of Christ doing them all the more relevant to modern-day believers. As a organic structure of work. the Psalms are an facile and emotional contemplation of the human experience. They prompt the reader or hearer toward self-reflection and can take to a growing in religion if used in meaningful. non-repetitive ways. Contemporary tendencies Psalms may be used in modern-day services in any figure of ways. A antiphonal reading format is sometimes used to believers to interact with the curate. Harmonizing to Rienstra. â€Å"A fold calls forth his best gifts as a sermonizer when they interact with him† ( 2006 ) . The Psalm chosen might associate to the Pastors’ message. church events or even universe and cultural events. Along similar lines. dramatized readings. skits and video presentations can besides be used to do the Psalms semen to life for the believers. Given that the Psalms were written for singing ; they lend themselves to a broad assortment of public presentation formats. An increasing figure of modern-day believers are returning to the Psalms in new originative ways. Leonard notes that: â€Å"a wealth of Christian vocal in popular or modern-day manner. a characteristic of the Praise and Worship motion ; much of this music takes the signifier of Scripture vocals utilizing Psalm texts† ( 1997 ) . Contemporary Christian creative persons are accommodating traditional tunes and beats associated with the Psalms to make dynamic new anthems for worship. Psalm inspired music written for soloists. vocal jazz band. praise sets and congregational vocalizing are going more common. Many well-known modern-day creative persons are happening that the Psalms are a mature beginning for inspiration. Their subsequent use of the Psalms in new music has had an consequence on increased credence of their use in worship. Some folds are utilizing the Psalms in even more originative ways. An illustration would be a â€Å"Psalm Festival† . held late by a Calvinist fold. The festival featured the public presentation of Psalms in a broad assortment of ways. from chants to modern-day renderings to skits. The festival had a alone coming together consequence on the audiences and participants. Attendants were an even mix of older and younger. traditional and modern-day believers. Young people more likely to be modern-day believers were merely as enthusiastic about the festival as older. traditional believers more used to the use of Psalms in services. As one participant put it: â€Å"Young people in their busy lives as college pupils have merely every bit much demand to focus on their Black Marias and heads on God as older people† ( Graff. 2005 ) . The secret to the cryptic power of the Psalms may be related to their alone poetic format. â€Å"Poetry may claim a particular topographic point in our universe because it can sometimes force us beyond the simplifications we see every day† ( Templeton. 2000 ) . For brooding modern-day believers the beauty of the Psalms can assist re-awaken spiritualty and surrogate continued growing in religion. Analysis and decision Contemporary services are. by their nature. less bound by tradition. The Psalms have a long history of use in the traditional Christian church. They are used musically. but besides as rote. accustomed readings during services. For the early coevalss of â€Å"contemporary† Christian worshippers some of the meaningfulness and spiritualty of the Psalms had been lost along the manner. Some of the Psalms besides professed â€Å"un-Christian† subjects. doing modern-day believers uncomfortable with their use. Since the overruling end of modern-day worship organisers was to go more genuinely Christ-centered. the usage of the Psalms in services was de-emphasized over a figure of old ages. In recent old ages at that place has been a rediscovery of the power and spiritualty of the Psalms. They vividly illustrate human hopes. emotions and imperfectnesss. They besides praise Gods’ forgiveness. power and clemency. They prophesy the coming of a savior piece at the same clip exemplifying the demand for him. In those ways. the Psalms relate merely every bit much to modern-day believers as they do to traditional believers. They comprise a unambiguously written statement of religion and human infirmity that can be applicable to us today. BeginningsButtry. Daniel. 1988. Bringing Your Church Back to Life: beyond survival outlook.Valley Forge. PA: Judson Press. Graff. Alison. 2005. â€Å"Psalms Unite the Calvin Community† . 26 May 2008. lt ;hypertext transfer protocol: //63. 170. 204. 10/ipac20/ipac. jsp? session=1Y11775Q9K078. 8600 A ; profile=c A ; lang=eng A ; logout=true A ; startover=true # focal point gt ; . Kortering. J. 2008. â€Å"Psalm Singing: a Reformed Heritage† . Protestant ReformedChurches. 26 May 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. prca. org/pamphlets/pamphlet_37. hypertext markup language gt ; . Leonard. Richard. 1997. â€Å"Singing the Psalms: a brief history of Psalmody† . LaudemontMinistries. 27 May 2008 lt ;hypertext transfer protocol: //www. laudemont. org/pndex. hypertext markup language? MainFrame=http: //www. laudemont. org/a-stp. htm gt ; . Merrill. Nan. 2007. Psalms for Praying: An Invitation to Wholeness. New York:Continuum. Rienstra. Ron. 2006. â€Å"Singing. Stating. Preaching. Praying: utilizing the Psalms inmodern-day worship† . Faith Alive Christian Resources. 26 May 2008 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. reformedworship. org/magazine/article. cfm? article_id=1066 gt ; . Swindoll. Charles. 1988. Populating Beyond the Daily Grind: contemplations on the vocals andexpressions in Bible. Dallas: Word Publishing. Templeton. John. 2000. Worldwide Worship: Prayers. Songs. and Poetry. Philadelphia:Templeton Foundation.

Most Notable Achievements

Most Notable Achievements I'm tempted to take a safe route to answering this question and discuss my academic achievements at Carson High School. Academia has always been easy for me and I've enjoyed success in most of my classes, particularly in math and science. Subjects that are often hard for others come easily for me and I've enjoyed lab work, field work and tutoring. I'm the stereotypical shy, bookwormish type who memorizes logarithmic tables and carries a pocket protector.It's actually been more of an achievement for me to succeed at something outside the classroom, where I am often not as comfortable. I'm most proud of my accomplishments as a volunteer for the Shawnee Mission Summer Camp. I've volunteered there every summer since I was 14 as a counselor and activities coordinator. It was my originally mother's idea for me to become a volunteer. I didn't have any classes that summer and she thought it was a great opportunity for me to get outside and meet people my own age.Physical Therapy (album)She p robably was tired of seeing me spend 12 hours a day in front of my computer when I could have been having some fun at the beach or park. She kept mentioning something about "needing balance" and I knew she really wanted me to do it.I agreed to volunteer, but I was cautious about what I had to offer. The Shawnee Mission program is for disabled and other "special needs" children who need physical activity and recreational services year-round. Most of the participants have Down's Syndrome, although a few have Cerebral Palsy, spina bifida, multiple schlerosis and other degenerative diseases. It's an eclectic group of 30 children from 6 -18 who gather each summer to learn how to swim, camp, ride bicycles, hike and attend social functions.

Managing The Supply Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing The Supply Chain - Essay Example The project would also look at the production process employed by Colgate-Palmolive and the management and distribution channels. The importance of the end-user would also be examined in the paper. Colgate Procurement System (2013) identifies that the company uses a uniform and fair system of taking tenders and supplier application from producers. The company decides what to buy on the basis of quality and price offered by a supplier. The suppliers reliability, integrity, innovation and commitment to continuous improvement is a basis for decision making (Colgate Procurement System, 2013). Ethical standards are used to carry out the examination and evaluation of different suppliers. This include a number of standards and expectations that must be met by each and every supplier in the list of possible contenders. Once this is done, there are some guidelines that are used to by the Global Procurement Group to authorize a supplier. The Global Procurement Group of Colgate-Palmolive is made up of purchasing and logistic professionals from the regional units of the company. They use teamwork to guide their efforts. The group takes up tenders and quotes from suppliers around the world who fit some basic requirements. The quotes are presented to the Group and they examine and critique it. The company uses various criteria including positive discrimination techniques like identifying minority-owned suppliers and women-owned businesses. The group uses ethical business practices and high integrity levels to set goals and attain them. When suppliers are chosen, the company settles down to manage them through various technological and ICT databases and platforms that produce real-time information for decision making and guidance. Every suppliers contract is stipulated and given out to the customer when they join the supply team. The suppliers are monitored by the Internal Supply Managing the Supply Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words Managing the Supply Chain - Essay Example There should be a complete realignment of the procurement system that will be followed for all raw materials, parts, and components. The activities that follow the procurement process apply to the purchase of goods and services in the industrial markets. These activities often cut across both functional boundaries on an intra-firm basis and organizational boundaries on an inter-firm basis. It needs the inputs from all the parties involved in the transactions. Hence streamlining the procurement system would maximize value for both buying and selling. The realignment of procurement system maximizes productivity by ensuring the production lines work in tandem with each other. There should be a complete integration of the inventory management and the procurement system to ensure an effective supply chain management. There ate four important purposes that are expected to achieve by the integration of the inventory management and the procurement process; they are: With the use of any readily available computer software the integration of the inventory management and procurement could be easily achieved. ... Integration of Inventory Management and Procurement System There should be a complete integration of the inventory management and the procurement system to ensure an effective supply chain management. There ate four important purposes that are expected to achieve by the integration of the inventory management and the procurement process; they are: (1) Cost savings in inventory (2) Control over the inventory (3) Reduction and control of production cycle time and (4) Improved customer satisfaction (Oracle) All the above purposes are considered the essence of an effective supply chain management and hence it is important the inventory management and procurement system of the company is integrated. With the use of any readily available computer software the integration of the inventory management and procurement could be easily achieved. With this integration the company would be able to procure materials according to production demands and the delivery time can be calculated every hour for an efficient movement and usage of stock. The company can monitor inventory information at every stage of the production cycle, including the required amount for a particular order, quantity ordered, actual shipping amounts, and delivery dates. There will be a possibility of reducing the value of inventory held at the warehouse. Production Planning System Introduction of an integrative Manufacturing Planning and Control System would ensure that the desired products are manufactured at the right time, in the right quantities, meeting the customer specifications and at minimum cost. The major elements in an integrated system include: Demand Management Aggregate Production Planning Master Production Scheduling Rough-cut Capacity

Smoking in Public Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smoking in Public - Essay Example Nonsmokers who inhale used smoke breathe in the same dangerous chemicals as the smokers do. The more smoke one inhales, the more unsafe chemicals one will breathe in. There is no danger-free level of presentation. Used smoke from cigarettes can bring about or exacerbate numerous ailments, including pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, and coronary illness. The individuals who are presented to elevated amounts of smoke on a long haul premise are prone to create ceaseless, possibly deadly infections. Indeed, even short introduction can bring about wellbeing issues, for example, migraines, stuffy nose, disturbance of the sinuses and eyes, hacking and can likewise trigger other breathing or heart issues (National Research Council). It is a particularly serious issue for people with allergies or chronic diseases. The U.S. Surgeon General discharged condemning discoveries from the first government-authorized investigation of cigarette smoking in 1964 (National Research Council). This report unequivocally connected smoking to specific malignancies and various other wellbeing burdens, successfully moving the issue out of the hands of sponsors and once more into the general wellbeing space (National Research Council). The report started the start of almost fifty years of tobacco industry regulation, starting with marking laws and confinements on promoting. Regardless of persistent battles on public awareness, industry contenders may in any case market cigarettes, however just under the spotlight of government investigation. Significantly, a smoking ban is an open policy that incorporates criminal laws and regulations that preclude smoking in certain spaces of public use and workspaces. There are changing meanings of smoking utilized in this enactment. The strictest definitions characterize smoki ng at this very moment inward breath of any tobacco substance while the loosest characterize smoking presently lit tobacco item. Smoking bans are likewise forced in light of the fact

Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Health and Social Care Essay P2: Describe the Origins of Public Health Policy in the UK from the 19th Century to the Present Day. 1837- The law started registering births, marriages and deaths and began to notice differences in areas. This was because of diseases going round and many people were dying. They wanted to figure out where about the illnesses were most common. 1848- The Liberal government brought the Public Health Act into law. 1849- Unfortunately, a massive amount of 10,000 people died from the disease cholera. 1853- Vaccination for smallpox was made compulsory and started by Edward Jenner; this was because a great amount of people were getting ill and dying from it. 1870- The government forced local authorities to educate people about diseases, so that they then knew and could learn about them and help to prevent any more. 1875- Public Health Act forced local authorities to provide clean water, have proper drainage and appoint medical offices for each area. This was to improve deadly diseases and illnesses which were continuing to harm people. 1906- In this year free school meals law came about. 1907- Medical school examinations for children were introduced. 1918- The British Prime Minister Lloyd George promised soldiers returning home from the war, ‘Homes fit for Heroes’. It was important for people to have a good home environment. 1921- The local authorities were required to set up TB clinics. 1934- The government passed the free school milk act and local councils were encouraged to give poor children free school meals. This was because they were unfortunate and were not getting the correct amount of food and drink and it could have affected their health. 1942- Sir William Beveridge published a report on the best way of helping people on low income. 1944- Clement Attlee created the NHS based on the proposals of the Beveridge Report white paper published. 1948- On the 5th July the new NHS was launched. 1970- Margret Thatcher became the new Secretary of State and demanded cuts on four main areas: further education fees, library book borrowing charges, school meal charges and free school milk. 1980- Black Report came about, discussing inequalities in health between the rich and poor. It aimed to reduce child poverty, reintroducing free schools meals and milk, improving housing, employment, schools and more. 1998- Acheson Report, Acheson was asked to review inequalities in England and identify priority ones for the development of health. 1999- â€Å"Saving Lives Our Healthier Nation† this was what the Labour government released as a health strategy. P1: Describe key aspects of public health strategies. There are many strategies that have been used and have had a positive and a negative outcome when tried out in cities. Firstly, monitoring the health status of the population, this is where tracking changes and alerting people to potential problems would happen. An example for this would be ‘Census’ this where every 10 years since 1801 the nation chooses one day to do the census survey. In the survey it consists counting all people and households. Overall it’s the most complete information source that the population that the nation has. The most recent census survey was held on the Sunday 27 March 2011. Identifying the health needs of the population is a strategy that can and has been used within the population. In this strategy we are identifying implications of trends and patterns to services. A good example is in schools or any type of educating/studying places or just general talks where people are being taught about diabetes, better dieting and exercise. This would help peoples health increase more by having the knowledge about this. In addition, another strategy that has been used around the population is to develop programmes which would then try and reduce risks and screen for diseases. Doing this would reduce ill health by looking at and identifying people that are at risk and then promoting health. Years gone by the population have tried this strategy; for example, doing cancer research, advertisement programmes to let people know and smear tests. Controlling communicable disease, this is where programmes and schemes are made and brought out that are immunisation programmes which are there to reduce the impact of diseases. The nation for many years and are continuing on doing the same have TB injections. This is an example of controlling the communicable disease. These injections are there to immune human bodies to illness and disease which is called Tuberculosis. Furthermore, another strategy when it comes to public health is promoting the health of the population. Many companies and groups of people have experimented on trying to accomplish this. By doing this they have been promoting health activities to improve their health and their fitness. A lot of the programmes are basically trying to engage people so they understand they need to improve their health so they don’t turn obesity and generally just too improve and increase their fitness level. Planning and evaluating health and social care provision this is where the nation is accessing and impacting of health services. In every city there needs to be health services to help anyone that is in need. One of the services that are in many cities is the contraception service. These are companies that give tips and advice to young people that are sexually active. They also hand out free condoms so young girls don’t get pregnant when they are not ready and don’t want too. Finally, target setting, this is where targets are all set to reduce disease and to improve health. For example, pregnancy is a target where the nation wants to reduce how many young girls get pregnant. To reduce this contraception is purchasable in every supermarket, pharmacy’s etc†¦ In addition, there are companies that give away free contraception to reduce teenage pregnancy. Not only does contraception help prevent pregnancy but prevents people catching sexually transmitted diseases like HIV, Chlamydia and syphilis. M1: compare historical and current features of public health. Things that happened years ago have all changed to nowadays; either by a few changes but still very similar or dramatically changed in a positive way. Firstly, access to medical care. Years ago medical care in the 19th century was not very good. The hospitals were very basic, many beds in a large room (ward) there were very rarely curtains around the beds for privacy because in those days clothes were short and extra material would be made into clothing. Also, they may not have been very clean, they were hygienic to work in but for people that were very ill they may of made that person more poorly. Clinics were similar; they had the basic bed to check patients on and the small amount of medicines. Not all the time did they have the correct suitable medication for patients. So some patients may have had to suffer for longer than what they should off because it was hard to get medication that was going to cure what the patients had. They had doctors but not many; there would probably be one in each area. For them it would be hard work because if hundreds of people became ill they would have to try and cure and help all of them as soon as possible before anything spread to others or if it became worse. Nowadays, everything has improved since the 19th century. Hospitals are extremely huge with thousands of beds and many nurses and Doctors that are there to help and make people better. The beds and wards are much more advanced now; each bed is a medical bed than can be adjusted electrically. There are also curtains and clean beddings on each bed and gets changed more regular than what it would of years ago. Millions of pounds have been spent on machinery in the hospitals that help prevent patients getting more ill than what they are. For e.g. Ventilators they help people breathe if they are not capable to do so themselves while there body is mending itself. Clinics that we have in the days have improved over the years. If anyone has a problem they can walk in to a clinic or make an appointment at the Doctors/Pharmacy to be checked out. Most often, people that need medication are prescribed for their medicines and can get it straight away. Or if not straight away, within in the next day or so if it is needed to be ordered in. There are many more Doctors in each area, so it is easier for people to be seen to when they have a problem or not feeling very well. This is good because if there was an illness going round and a lot of people were getting it, the Doctors could help prevent other people catching it by asking them to come in and be immune with medicine so they do not become ill. Housing in the 19th century was extremely poor. In March 1840, the government were so concerned about sanitation and living conditions that they set up a Parliamentary Health Select Committee to report on Health of Towns. Its findings revealed the scale of overcrowding; this was causing extreme filth and diseases that resulted up in a widespread death. There would be a bunch of houses probably in a group of 10 that were in a block, usually with a down stairs and upstairs. For middle class people families would be living in 1 room together or if they had enough money and they were lucky they would get half of a house. All the houses would share the toilets which were outside the buildings. This caused a lot of disease because of all the natural waste of other people that others had to be around and had to use the toilet after when they wasn’t clean at all. People would become very ill and then it would spread to others which caused a large amount of people in an area to have a serious illness which most probably would lead to death. These days, housing has increasingly changed. They are much cleaner and people own them there self and do not have to share unless it isn’t their property and it’s a home that holds many people. People also rent houses that they can then say its there’s until they move out and is then owned by someone else. People have money for cleaning products to clean their house which is good because if nothing was cleaned people could become poorly from filth that can cause infection’s and diseases that people could then catch. Each and every house has either 1 or more toilets within the household. Neighbours do not have to share a toilet outside the house like they used too, they all just share within their house mates, which is so much cleaner. However, even though the housing conditions have improved by a lot in the past years, there are still some areas that are poorly looked after which affect people living around there. There are council houses all over each city that people live in but they do not own it it’s the councils and usually these houses are not in the best condition because people in it cannot afford to look after it properly. Many new drinks were invented in the 19th century and early 20th century. India Pale Ale was first made about 1820. Pimms was invented in 1823. The first golden lager was invented in Bohemia (Czech Republic) in 1842 by a man named Joseph Groll. The widget for beer cans was patented in 1985. Back in the day there were quite a few drinks about and people would happily drink them. Even if they didn’t know what was inside of them. It was mainly work men that consumed the most. After work they would head to a bar of somewhere that sells alcohol and they would have a few people they went home to see their family. Through the 1800’s young children could drink there was no law to say there was a restricted age on drinking alcohol. However in 1923 a law was passed in Britain banning the sale of alcohol to people under 18. People may not of known how much they could drink until it would become dangerous. People were drinking non-stop at some points a then became very poorly. In Britain these days, the same law is around for the no drinking unless 18 years or over. However, when buying alcohol now if the person looks under the age of 25 years the person that is selling the alcohol needs to ask for an ID to make sure they are not selling it to someone that is under aged. Britain has also been known to be called ‘Binge Britain’ this is because so many people binge drink every week. Every night and especially on the weekends a lot of people end up in hospital getting their stomach pumped because they have consumed too much alcohol and have passed out because they are so dehydrated and their body cannot handle any more of the bad liquid. Income from the 19the century to now has changed massively. Years ago people would work hard and for long hours of the day and get paid such small amounts. In the 1800’s wages and average living standards were extremely low and 45% would actually amount to very little. In 1834 the weekly wage of an average agricultural worker was nine shillings. Its the equivalent of 45p and would be worth just under  £48 today. A lone mother would get just over four shillings a week, roughly the equivalent of 20p, which would be worth an estimated  £19 today. This could of and most probably effected peoples health because they may not off been able to afford certain products for themselves or their family. Someone may have been poorly and needed particular items to make them better and if they couldn’t be bought then that person would have to suffer, Nowadays wages are different to what they used to be.

Themes, Symbols, and Symbolism in The Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

Themes and Symbols in The Catcher in the Rye The theme that the world has an outward appearance that seems fair and perfect but really they're as Holden put it "phonies." This is shown countless amount of times in his journey through New York and even before he left. The setting is in the 1950's; so I'm pretty sure that he didn't encounter any transvestites, lesbians, or anything that extreme of phoniest. Or on the other hand he could have liked them for being as Elmemson said a "none conformist." But I doubt it, he seemed to like kids more than anything. And his job, as he felt, was to protect them in their innocents; of which I will talk about in my second theme. The first example that stands out in my mind is the scene with Stradlater in the "can." If you remember Stradlater was getting ready for his other date while Holden watched him. "Stradlater was a secret slob" in public he always looked good and got all the girls but in fact he was a slob. His razor that made him look so good was "rusty as hell and full on lather and hair and crap." This proves that he is a slob to "never clean it or anything." If you think about it that's even worst than Old Ackley. At least Ackley knew that he had a problem, that he need to do something about his face; but Stradlater thought that he was a great guy. He actually thought that there was nothing wrong with never washing his razor. I think that what mad, Holden so made Stradlater was perpetrating in other word being "phony" every time he went out all GQ after using that filthy razor. Another instance is when he calls that girl in New York, Faith Cavendish, that Eddie Birdsell had brought to a dance at Princeton. Anyway he called her and she almost went off until Holden drooped Eddie's name. Then all of a sudden "she was getting friendly as hell." The same person said "if you think I enjoy bein' woke up in the middle-" was "getting an english accent all of a sudden." I think Holden caught her with her faÿade down.

Public and Private Language Essay

1. The author didn’t like the American words that children used to address their parents (Mother, Father) because those words didn’t have for him the special, tender sounds that his origin language of Spanish had. He hated those American words but also didn’t use the Spanish words- mama and papa- because they painfully reminded him of how much his life had changed after English became his primary language. 2. The real reason for the author’s continuous silence was the difficulty in expressing his words in the English language. He simply didn’t know how to speak in English. 3. According to the reading: Public language – the English language spoken by teachers and children in school, by the people in the author’s community, and within public society in general. Private language – the language at home between family members Public identity – certain kinds of characteristics shared among children in school, the membership of school society Private identity- certain kinds of characteristics shared among family members at home, which defined this group Summary In Public and Private Language, the author Richard Rodriguez talks about his experience with English, which was his secondary language, the obstacles he had to over come as a young boy, and the effect English language had on his life. Richard Rodriguez came from a Mexican-American family, where the only language they spoke at home was Spanish. The author talks about the problems he had with learning the English language once he became a student. Due to the difficulties he had with expressing his thoughts and ideas in a new language, he often was quiet and wasn’t active in school. The teachers were concerned about his education and decided to encourage his parents to get involved in solving this problem. After that the author realized the immediate change in his parents’ behavior. Everybody in the house started to talk in English more often. Rodriquez wasn’t necessarily happy with this change because his â€Å"private† language was replaced with the â€Å"public† language of los gringos, and he felt like the intimacy of his family wasn’t the same anymore. As his English improved over time, he couldn’t find the easing tenderness in English words like â€Å"Mother† and â€Å"Father† that he could find in Spanish words when he addressed his parents. Although there are many obstacles and dark sides of the English language, the author significantly improved his English over time.

Living in a multicultural society takes time - 1547 Words

‘Living in a multicultural society takes time.’ To what extend is this illustrated by the challenge of multicultural societies in the UK? (40) A multicultural society is the status of several different ethnic, racial, religious or cultural groups coexisting in harmony in the same society. From the early 19th century people have immigrated to England, developing its diversity. During World War 2 polish and Jewish people immigrated to the UK to escape fascism. Also as the UK is part of the European Union, free and fair movement between the 28 member states means that there are no limits on immigration between these countries. This has seen it compulsory for the UK to adapt and change in order to accommodate for these individuals. For†¦show more content†¦The school adapting to changes in requirements shows they are accepting of a multicultural society, it has taken time to cater for these differing ethnic minorities. On the other hand, faith schools have developed in some areas to teach children according to a particular religion. Faith schools make up around a third of the education system. This limits choice for parents who do not want a religious education for their children, or do not share the faith of their local school. For example, in hackney Lubavitch Senior Girls School is a strictly orthodox, small secondary school for girls only. Liberal secularists argue that faith schools have no place in a growing diverse population as they promote segregation. Children should be educated around others from all religions and cultures as it is a truer representation of society. Moreover, enclaves of ethnic minorities are likely to locate near a school of their own faith this demotes integration and interaction within the community, resulting in a lack of understanding of others which consequently can cause racial tensions. 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